Authors: Robert Jay Rowen, Sharon Grabovac, Teresa B Su.
Abstract
Therapeutic use of ozone is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. New methods of administration are emerging. One of these emerging techniques, which we refer to as ozone dialysis, uses a dialysis membrane that allows blood to flow against a countercurrent of ozone gas. We found that ozone uptake by continuous countercurrent blood flow is at least 3 times higher than any comparable form of blood ozone administration currently available. This is the first quantitative report of ozone uptake by blood using the ozone dialysis technique.
A systematic review published in the *International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health* (PMC9555023) analyzed 51 studies to evaluate the impact of behavioral risk factors on chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), specifically cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory diseases, and malignancies. The study identified key modifiable behaviors—smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, psychological stress, suboptimal dietary patterns, physical inactivity, sleep insufficiency, and adverse social determinants—as significant contributors to NCD incidence and progression. Smoking and poor nutrition demonstrated the strongest associations, with relative risks consistently elevated across studies (e.g., ORs ranging from 1.5–3.2 for smoking-related cardiovascular outcomes). Synergistic interactions among multiple risk behaviors were noted to exponentially increase disease risk, particularly in cardiovascular and oncologic outcomes.
The review highlights methodological limitations, including reliance on cross-sectional designs and underrepresentation of diverse populations, necessitating further longitudinal studies to confirm causality. It advocates for evidence-based interventions targeting behavioral modification, integrating individual-level strategies (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, nutritional counseling) with macro-level policies (e.g., fiscal measures on tobacco/alcohol, urban planning for physical activity). These findings underscore the critical role of behavioral risk factor mitigation in reducing NCD burden, urging multidisciplinary collaboration among clinicians, public health officials, and policymakers to implement precision prevention strategies and address social determinants of health.
Source: PubMed Central
